Environmental Managent Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Managent - Annotated Bibliography Example mping them to the bottom of the ocean has been captured vividly on camera which provides proof of the project known as â€Å"The Next Stop Atlantic (Zolfagharifard, 2015).† The article discusses about different environmental management issue the first being recycling. Recycling is being encouraged in order to save the environment from harmful effects associated with wrongful disposal of the used products (Wehrmeyer, 2011). The other issue in discussion is that of prevention of pollution. Pollution and especially air pollution is known and documented to destroy the environment as well as the ozone layer (Uberoi, 2004). With the used subway cars being dumped in the floor of the ocean instead of burning them, then massive air pollution has been prevented. Lastly is the issue of saving aquatic life and providing them with a longer life span as well as a chance at reproduction. The ocean just like land is full of predatory animals and fish which hunt the fish species and eats them or live off eating their spawn once laid. There are not enough corals to hide all the aquatic life and hence the subway cars provide other artificial corals where the fish can hide and reproduce without danger (Hill & Gale, 2009). The project uses very minimal resources but the resultant environmental impact is very great and positively encouraged (Thomas, 2005). Literature on environmental management impact indicates that recycling is among one of the cheapest form of management. This is compared against the resources used to destroy the recycled materials (Ghosh, 2003). The increased campaign of this project not only in New York and US but the whole world in general should be encouraged. It is guaranteed to reduce the negative impact of pollution as well as ensure the used cars are properly disposed. According to Figueroa & De Chile (2008), environmental management is a very simple thing if only people start thinking outside the box. Once the human beings assist the marine life increase

Crime and Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Crime and Punishment - Essay Example t or whether, a complaint should be dropped due to lack of sufficient evidences or the unavailability of key witnesses whose depositions are important for framing charges against the alleged offenders. 2. The prosecutor is expected to inform victims of the pressing of criminal charges against the suspect(s), inform the rights of the victims, the availability of legal assistance in the event parties are not able to afford legal services, the dates on which Courts would take up hearing of cases, plea agreement, pre-trial diversion, changes in court schedules, and the date, time and venue in which sentencing would take place. (The Role of Criminal Justice System Personnel). A social construct could be said to be a social framework, categorization or grouping that envisages viewing of an individual, group or idea in terms of social or culture constructions. (Social constructs - Definition of key race relations terms, (2008). Social status, for one thing, could be said to be a social construct. It is often seen that in the US, the cases of discrimination while deciding criminal cases based on social status are quite large and disproportionate. The discretionary powers of the main players, including the prosecutors are immense and may allow scope for unfair treatment of process of meting justice of a social race or person with social background. (Klepper et al, 1983, P 55). It is seen that often prosecutors may dismiss a case on the assumption that if the case were pursued in Court, the judges would do likewise, and thereby, discrimination may be shown to certain races or classes of citizens which reflect on social constructions. The origin of these myths is from the media and vested groups who seek political mileage from spreading myths; community leaders reinforce them and law enforcement agencies who believe that crime needs to be punished, or criminal minds need to be corrected and modified to suit social and environmental requirements. As a prosecutor it is

Experiment to Determine the Coefficient of Friction

Experiment to Determine the Coefficient of Friction Student Name: Ahmad Raza Summary: This experiment has two aims. The first aim of this experiment is to determine the coefficient of friction on an inclined plane by using various materials tray. Secondly, to verify that the force have already found which were required to move a body on an inclined plane. We have provided apparatus to do this experiment that include stainless steel plane, load hanger, different weights and 4 trays of different materials such as aluminium, brass, nylon and ferado. Firstly, we place tray at the middle of plane and apply weight on weight hanger until tray starts to move. Note the angle and find the coefficient of friction. For this purpose we have found the Normal force and sliding. Then, by using formula of coefficient of friction we found the value, which was approximately 0.18 at 10Â °, 20Â ° and 30Â °. Nevertheless, the additional 10N weight was added but the friction coefficient but the angle will remain same. The experiment was taken by under good circumstances. However, errors can be reduce by overlapping the mistake that was take place in this experiment. This experiment could be done exactly the same as international standard if the following conditions apply on it. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AIMS AND OBJECTIVE The aims of the friction experiment are to find the coefficient of different combination of material which is in this experiment, the steel bar. Making use of inclined plane, also to study equilibrium and non-equilibrium of a body of an incline plane under the action of the force. The objective is to understand that a coefficient of friction could be determine via incline plane, collect experiment data and calculate the corresponding results and coefficient and finally to compare the value of coefficient generated from different pairs of surface. 1.2: THEORY AND BACKGROUND: Friction can be defined as the force that will resists the relative motion of solid surfaces which are sliding against each other. There are mainly three types of friction. Dry friction, Fluid friction and internal friction but this particular experiment was just examined only for dry friction. Dry friction is the encountered when two dry surfaces are in convention if there is a tendency of sliding. However this dry friction has split into two sub frictions as static and kinetic. Commonly, kinetic frictional force will be less than the absolute maximum value from the static frictional force. This static frictional force is derived as fs = ÃŽ ¼sN, while kinetic frictional force is fk =ÃŽ ¼kN, where ÃŽ ¼s is the coefficient of static friction, ÃŽ ¼k is the coefficient of kinetic friction, N is the normal force and ÃŽ ¼ is the proportionality constant and called coefficient of friction. An inclined plane can be defined as any plane surface positioned at an angle with respect to the horizontal plane. At the moment of sliding, the friction force must be the same to the element of weight acting down the plane. ÃŽ ¼W .cosÃŽ ¸ =W .sinÃŽ ¸ This leads to the concept of the angle of the friction ÃŽ ¼ = tanÃŽ ¸ CHAPTER 2 APPRATUS AND experimental procedure 2.1: APPRATUS: Adjustable stainless steel plane complete with base .5N load hanger Weights Trays of Aluminium, Brass, Nylon and Ferado Fig1.1: Wood plane and trays 2.2: experimental procedure: As we discussed above, we have two aims for this experiment. Each aim has different procedure. 2.2.1: Following procedure is to find the angle of friction on a steel plane by using different materials. We have given four trays for this experiment such as Aluminium, Brass, Nylon and Ferado. First of all set the plane of stainless steel at 0 slope by ensuring that it is in horizontal plane. Afterward, set the tray of any material at the middle of stainless steel plane then apply weight at the end of plane by weight hanger and note the angle of inclination when tray starts to slide. Take coefficient of Tan ÃŽ ¸ to evaluate static deflection (ÃŽ ¼s).Repeat the same procedure three times and take the average. Subsequently, to evaluate the angle of sliding friction (ÃŽ ¼k) , place the tray again in the middle of plane and reduce the tilt as this time tilt was increased, we keep pushing the tray till it started to move and note the angle for three times and take the average. Static deflection (ÃŽ ¼s) Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Aluminium tray Table 1.1: Aluminium tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Brass tray Table 1.2: Brass tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Nylon tray Table 1.3: Nylon tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for static deflection by using Ferado tray Table 1.4: Ferado tray Sliding Friction (ÃŽ ¼k) Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Aluminium tray Table 2.1: Aluminium tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Brass tray Table 2.2: Brass tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Nylon tray Table 2.3: Nylon tray Measure angle ÃŽ ¸ for sliding friction by using Ferado tray Table 2.4: Ferado tray 2.2.2: Following procedure is to verify the force required parallel to an inclined plane to move a body up the plane corresponds to the friction coefficient already found. First of all set the stainless steel plane horizontally at 10 slope. Place the towing cord and weight hanger in position to pull the tray up to the plane by placing any material tray at the lower end of plane. Add load to the hanger until the tray, given a slide push, slides slowly up the plane. Repeat the same procedure by applying 10N weight at angle 20 and 30. CHAPTER 3 CALCULATIONS AND RESULTS 3.1: Procedure 1 As we found angle above, now to find coefficient of static deflection, take tan ÃŽ ¸. For Aluminium (Tan15.8) = 0.28 For Brass (Tan14) = 0.25 For Nylon (Tan20) = 0.36 For Ferado (Tan18.8) = 0.34 Table 3.1: Coefficient of static deflection As we found angle above, now to find the coefficient of sliding friction, take tan ÃŽ ¸. For Aluminium (Tan10.8) = 0.19 For Brass (Tan15.1) = 0.27 For Nylon (Tan12.3) = 0.22 For Ferado (Tan13.7) = 0.24 Table 3.1: Coefficient of sliding friction Procedure 2: First of all find the normal force Normal Force = W.cosÃŽ ¸ Normal Force = 3.58.cos10Â ° Normal Force = 3.52 N Secondly find the Sliding force Sliding Force = p-(W.sinÃŽ ¸) Sliding Force = 1.2-(3.58.sin10Â °) Sliding Force = 0.58 N Now as we have both normal and sliding force, we can find Friction Coefficient ÃŽ ¼ Friction Coefficient = Sliding force / Normal force Friction Coefficient = 0.58 / 3.52 Friction Coefficient = 0.16 All the values were measured for angle 20Â ° and 30Â ° as shown in the table below. Table 4.1: Nevertheless, the additional 10N weight were added but the friction coefficient and angle will remain same as shown above in the table which proves that weight cannot change the angle and coefficient of friction. By converting mass of the tray into weight we can prove the experiment. W = mg W = 0.365*9.81 W = 3.58 N CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION Subsequently investigation in the data, we all observed that hypothesis is true, where the static along with kinetic friction is usually affected by the mass of body. The coefficient in the kinetic along with static friction is determined by materials used for each call surfaces. The coefficients will never always be bigger than 1 and the coefficient connected with kinetic friction is definitely more compact as opposed to among static friction for that identical scenario. The value of coefficient of friction is 0.18.The laboratory on the other hand, we all would come up with a vibrant mistake thats produced each of our kinetic friction importance unfeasible, as the importance for we all received ended up being caused by the tension pulling on the block. However, there were some systematic error occur while doing experiment. These errors were arisen due to string and hanger as they were not straight and each group member have different value while taking reading. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION The experiment was taken under good circumstances. However, errors can be reduce by overlapping the mistake that was take place in this experiment. This experiment could be done exactly the same as international standard if the following conditions apply on it. First of all make sure that the hanging masses do not move while adding additional weight on load hanger. This experiment will be really useful in the future to determine the coefficient of friction for different materials. REFERENCE: John, B Carl,T.F.T.F. Ross (2002).Mechanical Engineering Principles. Oxford: Taylor Francis. APPENDIX A CHAPTER 1.. CHAPTER 2.. CHPATER 3.. CHAPTER 4. Page 1 of 11

President Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points :: american presidents, 14 points

President Woodrow Wilson was elected in the year 1912. He was over all a good president, however was not very familiar with foreign policy. His thought was that America should stay neutral and not get involved. This was true, America had enough problems of its own to worry about. Wilson was an honest man and wanted to keep the promises he made during his campaign. He began passing new laws including the Clayton Antitrust Act which made labor unions legal (Joseph, 19). World War I started in Europe in July of 1914. President Woodrow Wilson successfully handled his challenge of war because he declared war, made 14 points, and achieved peace between the countries. Wilson did not want to go to war, it was his belief that America should stay neutral. The war hadn’t begun in England but was going to very soon due to the tension between the countries. Wilsons â€Å"first order of business was to propose a pact of friendship among England, Germany, and the United States† (Osinski 60). However no agreements came from this peace operation. June 28, 1914 war was declared, at this time America didn’t have any reason to join in the war, or to take sides. Since the war had begun American business’s and financial companies wanted to know if they could loan money to foreign countries. American farmers and manufacturers wanted to not limit the restrictions of trade with them and Wilson had to allow Americans to sell goods and loan money to the any foreign country (Osinski 61). America had a part in the war, not directly, but unclearly America was part of the war. On April 6th, 1917 the U.S. declared war with Germany. This was wh at Wilson did not want to do, but good would eventually come of it. President Wilson was ready to present his plan for peace. He made his â€Å"Fourteen Points†, these were his 14 areas for correction and agreement. Some of these fourteen points include freedom of navigation, arms reduction, and forming an association of nations (Collins 96). During these fourteen points Germany was even noted, stating: â€Å"We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the world instead of a place of mastery† (Collins 96). The words Wilson used were carefully picked and simply stated. Wilson was applauded for his idea and newspapers wrote about him (Collins 96). In October German leaders told the United States that they wanted to sit down and discuss an end to the war based on Wilson’s fourteen points (Collins 97).

Buy Anyzone Gold Today Essay

Natural cleaning, Healthy living Air, water, residual agricultural chemicals (pesticides/herbicides) and unpleasant odours (food, bathroom, refrigerator, cigarette smoke and turbid indoor air odours all contribute to our daily toxic load. Most of the solutions developed by industry for ridding ourselves of these pollutants contain additional chemicals, which increase our exposure to potentially harmful chemicals. How Anyzone Gold helps: It’s for the whole family †¢ Disposes harmful bacteria in meat and fish †¢ Removes chemical residue, larva  and pesticides  from vegetables and fruits †¢ Gets rid of unpleasant odor from food Improves skin metabolism and reduces allergy †¢ Removes washing detergent residues and bacteria from household items and utensils †¢ Preserves freshness in food Sterilization and disinfection Germs such as E. coli, colon bacillus, Salmonella, vibrio staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are sterilized and disinfected by str ong oxidation reaction. â€Å"Disinfects without using chemical washing or boiling. † Deodorization and air purification Effective in deodorizing refrigerator odours, food odours, indoor odours, bathroom odours and many more. Indoor air, cigarette odours and unpleasant odours are eliminated and turned into refreshing natural air. Air purification cigarette smoke test sight Before use 10 second 20 seconds Pillow Meat, fish, vegetable and fruits Residual agricultural chemical and harmful elements are decomposed through oxidation. Revives freshness and improves flavour. â€Å"Not a single tested pesticide has ever been proven safe. † Professor Dennis Parke, former Chairman of WHO Joint Meeting’s statement on pesticide residues. What is anion and ozone? Anions are electrons with negative electricity, also known as â€Å"vitamins in the air†. Oxygen anions have the capability to eliminate dust, germs and cigarette odours through purification. It is odorless, tasteless and invisible; we could only inhale it in abundance near waterfalls, mountains and oceans. It also helps in maximizing our brain activity. Ozone is composed of 3 oxygen atoms and has a distinctive and peculiar fish-like odour. It is a light blue gas and has strong oxidizing power, used for sterilizing beverages. It decomposes and destroys residual agricultural chemicals on vegetables and fruits through oxidization. It is also used for sterilization of kitchen and baby goods by filtering out harmful components, biological beings and foreign substances. Ozonated water is safe and effective for: †¢ Bathing pets †¢ Regenerating and removing bacteria and parasites form plants. Just water them and/or spray their leaves †¢ Cleaning fish tanks. Drop your ozone nozzle in the water and watch your tank clean itself! Fish are invigorated by ozone water †¢ Eliminating bacteria on kitchen surfaces †¢ Washing hair. Ozone water protects damaged hair, restoring its colour and manageability; PLUS, it is a great treatment for dandruff! Effective treatment for skin problems, including acne, rashes, eczema †¢ Sinus problems †¢ Leucorrhoea, vaginal thrush. Use the water as a douche. †¢ You can set the Anyzone to run while sleeping giving you that mountain/seaside fresh air in your room. Ozonated air is environmentally safe for: †¢ Disinfecting and â€Å"debugging† closets, and cupboards. †¢ Freshening, deodorizing and disinfecting bedding, linens, and clothing. Place linens in plastic bags with ozone nozzle for just a few minutes. It’s so simple! Company Profile †¦ Global Healthy Link Sdn Bhd with its main office in Petaling Jaya is currently actively involved in the distribution of Ozone/ Anion sterilization equipment, health-related products and water filtration system for both household and commercial use. One of our goals is to exceed the expectations of every customer we come in contact with by offering outstanding customer service, value-added functionalities and operational efficiency. GHLSB strives to provide environmental-friendly, safe, durable and reliable products to its valued customers and will not compromise on product and service quality. Our associates are distinguished by their functional and technical expertise combined with their hands-on experience, thereby ensuring that our customers receive the most effective and professional product recommendation and services. We pride ourselves on our proven track record of having hundreds of satisfied customers since the company started operation in 2004. Functions and Effectiveness of Anyzone Gold Anion Ozone Sterilizer Summary †¢ Removes chemical residue and pesticides on vegetables and fruits †¢ Disposes harmful bacteria in meat and fish †¢ Get rids of unpleasant odor from food Expunges parasites and larva on vegetables and fruits †¢ Ozonated water improves skin metabolism and reduces allergy †¢ Removes washing detergent residues and bacteria from household items and utensils †¢ Preserves freshness in food Sterilization †¢ Food – food are exposed to pathogens (illness causing bacteria) and harmful chemicals during the growing per iod and handling †¢ Kitchen sponges and rags – effective as a germicide/ fungicide to destroy germs, molds, bacteria and any microbes. Does not produce chemical residues during cleaning as in other cleaning agents †¢ Utensils and dishes – Salmonella, E. Coli and many pathogens can cause food poisoning, if not properly cleaned. Thus soaking the utensils and dishes in ozonated water can rid these pathogens. †¢ Pets accessories – Bacteria is common in the stool of pets, thus washing the accessories can rid these bacteria †¢ Children toys – If not cleaned and sterilized properly, can lead to illness and infections †¢ Baby’s Utensils – Babies are sensitive to illness, tooth decay and diarrhea if utensils are not properly cleaned especially bottle nipples and pacifiers. Soaking in ozonated water will help destroy bacteria †¢ Medical instruments – Economical way to sterilize equipment Purification †¢ Drinking water – 90% bottled water uses ozone for purification. The taste of Ozonated water is improved. †¢ Fish tanks/ aquariums – Ozone can destroy algae and bacteria in fish tank with no harmful effect on the fish. Within 20 minutes, ozone will change back to oxygen, due to the instability of the 3rd oxygen, thus increasing the level of dissolved oxygen, keeping the water clearer and the fish healthier. Work as fridge purifier (reduces fodd spoiling and illnesss) – Ozone destroys food spoiling bacteria and mircroorganisms and organic chemicals, maintaining the freshness of meat and vegetables. †¢ Hot tub, spa and bath water – Ozone is far cheaper than chlorine at destroying bacteria and microorganisms without any adverse effect on sensitive skin †¢ Air purifier – Ozone destroy impuriti es in the air such as bacteria, molds, smoke etc. It also reduces dust and other particles because of the negative ions produced as a by product.

HR manager

As the Assistant to the HR manager, I would make a mandatory requirement that all incoming employees must complete a new program that was created by me with in their first 90 days. This program would be designed to ensure that our new talent understands the importance of working together. My program would include these three key principles of working together. The first principle would be on how to effectively communicate as a team. It Is very Important when working together as a team that all vital information Is communicated amongst each other In a clear positive manner.The next principle I would focus on In my program would be having ur Incoming employees work on a group trust exercise. To ensure a high performance team when working together, the team members must be able to trust all the Individuals In the group. The last principle I would Implement Into my program as the assistant to the HR manager would be a diversity workshop. This workshop will prepare Incoming employees to e ngage creatively, and work out difficult situations with peers of many different backgrounds. ncoming employees will find out immediately that there is a major focus on team work throughout their training. In their first week I would have them focus on how to effectively ommunicate to their peers in the workforce. I would set them up in groups, and have them start with ice breakers, then move on to a small collaborative project. I hope that they learn that effective communication is very important, not only to share the proper amount of information, but by also knowing how to talk in a professional manner.You always want to avoid talking down, and barking orders to your co- workers when working together. Effective communication is not possible if you do not talk to your team members in professional manner. Once the new incoming employees have learned how to communicate effectively when working together, I ould then have them participate in trust building exercises. We all know that trust is the building blocks behind any good relationship, and I would want our new incoming employees to have a good working relationship, and to have trust amongst each other.Some of these trust building exercises would include group projects. These projects are to be designed to have each member of the group to complete a certain task. To accomplish the end result, the overall goal everyone will need to play apart. Groups that complete the project will see that their trust and teamwork lead them to their completion. The other groups that did not finish will also see how Important trust and teamwork is to their success. The last key principle I would Implement in my program for new Incoming employees Is a diversity workshop.Diversity In the workplace has many benefits to It! Some key points that I would want my Incoming employees to get from the workshop will be working together with other cultures to foster a more creative and Innovative workforce. Multicultural employees bring a variety of bring new Ideas, and suggestions to the table. Many Ideas that are refreshing, and sometimes very Innovating. I would want the Incoming employees hat are hired for leadership or managerial posltlons to really focus on diversity when Interviewing, and recruiting talent.Recrultlng from a diverse pool of candidates means a more qualified workforce. A diverse and inclusive workforce also helps Duslnesses av010 employee turnover costs I do believe that my program that will be rolling out to our incoming employees will not only be beneficial to their personal professional development, but also to our organizations. The three key principles listed in my program will have our staff prepared to work together as a highly motivated efficient team!

Treatment of Love, Marriage and Religion in the fiction of Khushwant Singh

Treatment of Love, Marriage and Religion in the fiction of Khushwant Singh Free Online Research Papers Khushwant Singh arguably is India’s most read and known author, columnist and journalist. Born on 15th August 1915 in Hadali, now in Pakistan, Mr. Singh started his career as a lawyer in Pakistan but soon he left the idea of becoming a successful lawyer. He decided to take risk in the field of writing. Mr. Singh belonged to the trade family yet he never thought of trying his hand in business or construction. He inducted thinking in the direction of writing and started his first novel Mano-Majra, which later became popular as â€Å"Train To Pakistan†. At first it was not received with much enthusiasm but after a short period bibliophiles recognized Mr. Singh’s genius as a novelist. â€Å"Train To Pakistan† (Mano-Majra) won Grove Press Award in 1954. It also earned the attention of innumerable readers from India and abroad. The Grove Press Award filled him with courage to try another novel then second novel came and third, fourth and fifth. The chain is on till today. Though Mr. Singh has crossed 90 yet we can expect another novel so far as his stamina is concerned. â€Å"Train To Pakistan† discussed the after effects of India’s independence, which brought the partition of India and Pakistan. Mr. Singh focused on the lower class people who became the main victim of partition. A huge mass of victims transferred form one place to another. This migration also caused killing, raping and looting. The entire story of the novel revolves around one particular village Mano-Majra in the far provinces of Punjab. The life of the village is simple and quite peaceful, which is regulated by the whistles of trains. But all of a sudden, the untimely arrival of a train disturbs the peace of the village. This train brings the countless corpses form Pakistan. On the other hand Malli with his fellow culprits robs and murders Lala Ram Lal. Jagga’s absence from the village draws him in the circle of suspicion. Iqbal, a communist reaches Mano-Majra but on account of being a stranger he with Jagga is also arrested in Lala Ram Lal’s murder cas e. Malli is also arrested but after some time he is released. Meanwhile Mano-Majra turns into a refuge camp. In the village some criminal minded people provoke the others to send a â€Å"Train To Pakistan† full of corpses. Jugga is released and he comes to know about the villagers so for the sake of his beloved Nooran, who is also heading to Pakistan, determines to capsize the conspiracy. He sacrifices his life and lets the train go to Pakistan untouched. The novel obviously shows that Mr. Singh did not approve the scene of partition. He highlighted the political errors during the partition and registered his protest against the tragedy. â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† dealt with pre-independence period when entire India was burning in the fire of slavery. India was divided into two sectors. One sector was favouring the British rule while the other was striving for the freedom. The story of â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† revolves around the family of Mr. Buta Singh who is loyal to the British Raj. He is so much overwhelmed with the loyalty that he is not ready to even imagine India without British rule. On the other hand his son Sher Singh becomes the leader of an anti-British group. Sher Singh with his friends Madan and the others, indulges in the murder case of a village headman, who witnesses their anti-British activities. His group damages the bridge too. Sher Singh’s arrest disturbs the peace of Buta Singh’s family. This disturbance takes the life of Sher Singh’s mother Mrs. Sabharai. The conflict between a father and a son continues till the end of the novel. The main motto of Khushwant Singh writing this novel was to highlight the hidden poltroon in the characters of so-called freedom fighters and the treasons in the service of British rule. In â€Å"Delhi† Mr. Singh again turned towards the Indian history. This time he presented the making of Delhi in different eras. â€Å"Delhi† is a tour guide to Delhi the capital of India more than a novel and the events teller is a Sikh who takes the different characters to different places of Delhi and tells the related incidents to that place. Timurid, Aurangzeb Alamgir, Nadir Shah, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Bahadur Shah Zafar and Meer Taqi Meer are the historical characters, who discuss their secret lives with the readers. The writer brought the lives of religious people also in light like Hazrat Nizamuddin and Sarmad Shah. Mr. Singh unveiled the cruel side of Aurangzeb’s picture that he executed the ninth guru of Sikhs. Mr. Singh spiced up the tasteless subject like history with the love making scenes. He aspired to peep inside the private lives of Mughal kings and queens. Bhagmati a eunuch represents Delhi and the related chapters do not let the readers get bored. Mr. Singh extends the history from Mughal to British and then to the emergency after the assassination of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. One of her Sikh security guards killed her. In revenge the people from Indira’s side started killing the Sikh everywhere in India but the scene was worst in Delhi. The Sikhs were butchered mercilessly. Through this novel again Mr. Singh registered his protest against the irregularity and brought the political errors of mid eighties into the light. â€Å"The Company Of Women† is the life sketch of a modern individual who after separation from his wife plays with the women like a wanton child. He only wants to satisfy his sexual instinct by hook or crook. Mohan Kumar graduated from America comes back to India. His father finds a suitable match for him but his married life could not last long. After two children his wife decided to take divorce form Mohan Kumar. After separation from his wife he hunted several women. He hired women from respected families like a professor from Haryana and a masseuse from Goa on temporary relationship conditions. He made physical contacts with many women that he did not spare a lady sweeper, a nurse and a prostitute. This excess of sex brought the most fatal disease to Mr. Mohan. He gets infected with HIV AIDS. This was enough for him to be humiliated and at last he committed suicide. In â€Å"Burial At Sea† Mr. Singh again turned towards the Indian history during freedom struggle and the after independence. But this time he focused on some other kinds of freedom fighters, who did not strive physically but with economically. Victor breathed in slave India but he determined to make India economically stronger and independent. He went to England for better education where he collected the relevant information about establishing the mills. For the purpose he hired best technicians from England to stand a chain of mills and used Indian men power to run these mills. Soon he became a famous business tycoon of India. His wife died and left a daughter Bharti, who paved the path of her father and in her puberty she started taking interest in business. After the death of his wife Victor passed a long period of his life in celibacy but towards the old age he revived his sexual instinct when he fell in love with a tantric woman, who had a dubious past. She made him experience the unbridled sex. She got pregnant and before they could take any decision some people killed Victor. In this way this energetic machine all of a sudden stopped. According to his will he was buried under sea near his ship house in Mumbai. Mr. Singh Masterfully portrayed the both strata of freedom fighters. Before Mr. Singh many writer have treated love, sex and marriage but only Khushwant Singh could talk about love and sex with much candour and boldness. Love is the noblest gift bestowed upon the human being by God. It is the feeling of love that ties us with our relatives, friends and loved ones. But today the love is mixed with selfishness, greed and sin. That is why today the love lacks the warmth of love and greedless love. The writer has aspired to a great extent to explore the love but love cannot be discussed without sex. In â€Å"Train To Pakistan† Mr. Singh highlights the love between Juggat Singh and Nooran. On the other hand he shows the far greater love between two communities i.e. Sikh and Muslim. Here it can easily be observed that Mr. Singh believes in the famous quotation â€Å"Love is blind†. The love does not know any hindrance of caste, colour creed and age. Almost all his novels are brimful with the love affairs between the lover of different communit ies like Juggat-Nooran, love affair in â€Å"Train To Pakistan†, Hukum Chand-Haseena love affair in â€Å"Train To Pakistan†, Madan-Champak love affair in I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale, Mohan-Jessica Browne love affair in â€Å"The Company Of Women†, Mohan-Yasmeen love affair in â€Å"The Company Of Women†. The motto of Khushwant Singh behind delineating these love affairs is that he definitely wants to create love and amity among all the communities. Mr. Singh does not feel shame in talking about the love affair between mature and immature. Hukum Chand in â€Å"Train To Pakistan† falls in love with an immature girl like Haseena, younger than his own daughter. In â€Å"Burial At Sea â€Å"Victor falls in love with Durgeshwari of the age of his daughter. Sex is the result of love. It comes later but remains on the top priority. Mr. Singh treated the theme of sex in almost all his novels. Sex becomes the impregnable pillar of his popularity. Mr. Singh adopted the boldness and candid style in depicting the sex. He unveiled the naked truth of society. Mr. Singh admits that sex is the basic need of human being. That is why so much sex cases like rape and the extra marital sex affairs can easily be observed in the society. For the first time Mr. Singh discussed the extra marital affairs. In â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale â€Å"Champak, wife of Sher Singh starts committing adultery with her husband’s friend Mada n. He is also a married man but he likes having sex with his friend’s wife Champak. When the arrows of sex hurt, a person forgets all the boundaries and crosses all the limits. Sex can make a father rape his daughter. Even a religious person does not feel shame in desecrating the holy campus of a shrine and the temple. In â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale â€Å"Peer Sahab commits adultery with Shanno within the premises of the holy shrine. Mr. Singh highlighted this truth and satirized these kinds of people. The sex can turn anyone blind. Mr. Singh’s fourth novel â€Å"The Company Of Women† is completely dedicated to sex. Mohan Kumar before marriage enjoys sex with many women even after his marriage he does not leave enjoying sex with different women. He enjoys sex with a sweepress Dhanno, Mary Joseph a nurse, and a prostitute. In America he has had sex with Jessica Browne and Yasmeen Wanchoo. In Indian after divorce he starts having sex on contracts. Eve n the women form high-class families respond in affirmative and enjoy unbridled sex with Mohan Kumar. Is such a sexual drama not being enacted in our society? Mr. Singh just brought it in light. So far as the marriage is concerned Mr. Singh has bitter experiences regarding it. Even his own married life has come to the breaking point many times but it is his wit that he handled the situations and survived his conjugal life. Though Mr. Singh crossed ninety and his wife eighty he loves his wife more than anything else. According to Mr. Singh, his pen will stop if his wife stops taking breathe. Mr. Singh neither fovoured divorce nor he thinks that separation is the solution of problems regarding marriage. According to him the bond of marriage is not breakable. Though Mr. Singh has passed a long period of his life abroad yet he is a true patriot and a true Indian. Mr. Singh was born in 1915 when India was the slave of British. He saw the freedom struggle and the atrocities on Indian by the British rulers. While India got freedom Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru hoisted the Indian flag on 15th August 1947, Mr. Singh was standing fifty yards away from Lal Quilla. The tears of happiness in his eyes blurred the vision. But the tragedy of partition just after the independence again made him feel sorry and shattered. As a true patriot he did not favour the partition of India and Pakistan. Regarding this tragedy he poured his bitter views in the very first novel â€Å"Train To Pakistan†. The tragedy of partition only caused the low class people of India and Pakistan. A huge mass of people migrated form one place to another in search of peace and love. â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† also depicts the personal lives of freedom fighters. It also contains a conflict between two generation and pro-British and anti-British. â€Å"Delhi† is another link of this chain, which shows Mr. Singh’s love for the country. In â€Å"Delhi† Mr. Singh talks about the making of Delhi in different era. He depicts the period from Mughal to the emergency. Mohan Kumar in â€Å"The Company Of Women† returns to India after passing a considerable time in America like the hero of â€Å"Delhi†. Mr. Singh adopted the Sikhism for the background of his novels. Mano-Majra, which later became â€Å"Train To Pakistan†, is a story of different changes in a Sikh Village during partition. â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† revolves around a Sikh family and depicts the traditions and rituals of Sikh community. Mr. Singh himself belongs to the Sikh community so he found it damn easy to take the Sikh background for his novels. The hero of his three novels is an irreverent Sikh, who at the crucial time acts according to the Sikh doctrines. â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† depicts the vivid and limpid description of Sikh rituals and traditions. Though Khushwant Singh is a converted Sikh yet he strictly follows the traditions of Sikhism. It is another thing that he calls himself an atheist. During the emergency after the assassination of Mrs. Indira Gandhi Sikh were being mercilessly killed. Mr. Khushwant Singh raised this issue in his third novel â€Å"Delhi†. Before the elections in 1980 Mr. Singh supported Indira Gandhi and her family. He also favoured Sanjay Gandhi in his birth control programme. After the election when Indira Gandhi came in the power she got him nominated for the Membership of Parliament. Further she offered him the Editorship of Hindustan Times. From 1980 to 1985 Mr. Singh remained the Member of Parliament. During this period he experienced many vicissitudes of politics. So far as his novels are concerned he has pointed out the political failures in his novels. In â€Å"Train To Pakistan† he highlighted the political failure during partition. â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† deals with the political ills before independence. Mr. Singh has memorized the Indian political history. On the other hand he has a wide approach to other religions. Sikhism is his own religion but he has studied all the other religions of India and abroad. He finds out the lacunas in the religions and passes comments on them while he suggests the readers to adopt the good aspects of any religion. According to him Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Christianity, almost all the religions have some flaws and some good things so we must follow the good things of all the religions. Mr. Singh adopted the traditional technique to discuss these issues in his novels but at some places he became experimental. His novels initiate with the traditional technique but soon his genius comes out and he starts experimenting with the style. Since the art of novel writing developed almost all the novelists adopted the same technique to initiate the novel. But it was the beginning of nineteenth century, which produced a splendid harvest. In the post-Victorian period novel was mixed with all other forms of literature. Without adopting traditional method of writing none can achieve the regard of a novelist. Modern writers have to read and follow the classics. Without reading the predecessors and their method of writing, a novel cannot be initiated. Khushwant Singh’s novels are very much close to the reality. A limpid glimpse of the era in which the novel was written, can be observed, like â€Å"Train To Pakistan† contains the greatest tragedy (Partition) of India’s history. â€Å"I Shall Not Hear The Nightingale† deals with the theme of freedom struggle before independence. â€Å"Delhi† got us closer to the Mughal dynasties. â€Å"The Company Of Women† unveiled the naked truth of high-class families and their uncontrollable sexual instincts. In Burial at Sea, again Mr. Singh turned to Indian history and this time he brought those people in light, who fought for the Indian economy. Descriptive and Narrative technique presents a vivid picture and while reading the novel it seems some times as if we are not reading a novel but watching a film. His novels are full of historical elements with humour irony and satire. Mr. Singh has used simple, spicy and sometimes provocative language to emphasize the incidents. Words from the Hindi language also add stars to the story and create interest in between. Symbolized language and the characters help readers understand the central idea of the novel. His novels are big achievement for Khushwant Singh. Through novels he earned name, fame and recognition but moreover he got the sense of fulfillment. He has been conferred many decorations and awards. Where his novels brought awards there Guru Nanak Dev University conferred an honorary Doctorate on him. In 2000 he was conferred the â€Å"Honest Man Of The Year Award† by the Sulabh International Social Service Organization. His writing has won a huge mass of admirers in India and abroad. He is a close friend of many writers of International fame. Before initiating his career as a novelist Mr. Singh studied M. R. Anand, R. K. Narayan and Raja Rao yet he holds a unique place in contemporary Indian literature. M. R. Anand dealt with the exploitation of the lower class by upper class in his novels while R. K. Narayan commented on the prevailed superstition among the Indian. He created his own imaginative world ‘Malgudi’. The characters rise from the soil of Malgudi and participate in R. K. Narayan’s stories. Raja Rao worked on symbolism. Khushwant Singh touched almost all the aspects of society like he depicted the exploitation of Indians by the British rulers. He also commented on the rapidly spreading superstition in India. He symbolized â€Å"Delhi† with a eunuch Bhagmati, who is seduced by different people for pleasure. Delhi has also been ravished by the different Mughal dynasties and the British rulers. Though Khushwant Singh imitated these three novelists yet he has got a prominent place in modern literature. Most probably in India the great writers, poets and scholars are given great value after death that is why the writers who have left for their heavenly abode are put in the category of great writers while the modern writers are not given so much regard what they deserve. At present Mr. Singh is better than any other writer in contemporary Indian literature in English. Whatever he writes is influenced by the social, political and individual’s faults and lacunae. A vivid glimpse of the societ y is irresistibly fleshed in the novels of Khushwant Singh. It would not be wrong to call him an event recorder and a historian more than a novelist. His four novels except â€Å"The Company Of Women† are based on history and the reality of Indian history’s vicissitudes. He turned the reality of Indian history into novels and made it readable to present before the readers. The Sikh history also a proof of Mr. Singh’s being a historian. â€Å"Delhi† also cries out the Indian Mughal history. Mr. Singh writes whatever comes to his mind that is why his creative cosmos is distinctly his own. Thus he becomes a brilliant post independent Indian novelist. 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